When you apply for a mortgage, personal loan, or other type of credit in the United States, lenders look at more than your credit score. They also want to understand how much of your income is already committed to existing debt payments.
One of the most important measurements used during this process is the debt-to-income ratio, commonly known as DTI.
Your DTI shows how much of your monthly gross income goes toward debt payments. A lower ratio generally indicates that you have more income available to manage additional borrowing. A higher ratio may signal that taking on another loan could create financial pressure.
Understanding your DTI can help you prepare for a mortgage application, improve your chances of qualifying for a personal loan, and make better borrowing decisions.
This guide explains what DTI means, how lenders calculate it, which payments are included, and how you can lower your ratio before applying for a loan.
1. What Is a Debt-to-Income Ratio?
A debt-to-income ratio measures the percentage of your gross monthly income that goes toward monthly debt obligations.
Lenders use this calculation to evaluate whether you can reasonably afford additional debt payments.
The formula is:
DTI = Total Monthly Debt Payments ÷ Gross Monthly Income × 100
For example, imagine you earn $6,000 per month before taxes and pay $2,100 toward qualifying monthly debts.
Your DTI would be:
$2,100 ÷ $6,000 × 100 = 35%
This means that 35% of your gross monthly income is committed to debt payments.
The remaining 65% is not necessarily disposable income. You still need to pay taxes, groceries, utilities, insurance, transportation, childcare, and other living expenses.
Why do lenders care about DTI?
A lender wants to determine whether you can handle the payments on a new loan without becoming financially overextended.
Your credit score helps indicate how you have managed credit in the past. Your DTI provides additional information about your current financial obligations compared with your income.
For example, two applicants may have identical credit scores but very different debt levels.
| Financial detail | Applicant A | Applicant B |
|---|---|---|
| Gross monthly income | $6,000 | $6,000 |
| Existing monthly debt | $500 | $2,000 |
| Existing DTI | 8.3% | 33.3% |
| Remaining income before other expenses | $5,500 | $4,000 |
Applicant A has more room in the monthly budget to take on another loan.
This does not automatically mean Applicant A will be approved. Lenders also consider credit history, income stability, assets, loan terms, and other underwriting factors.
However, DTI helps lenders understand how much additional debt a borrower may be able to manage.
2. How Do You Calculate Your Debt-to-Income Ratio?
Calculating DTI is relatively straightforward once you identify the debts and income that a lender will consider.
Follow these four steps.
Step 1: Calculate your gross monthly income
Gross income is generally your income before taxes and other payroll deductions.
For example:
| Income source | Monthly amount |
|---|---|
| Salary before taxes | $5,000 |
| Regular qualifying bonus income | $500 |
| Other qualifying income | $300 |
| Total qualifying gross income | $5,800 |
The lender may not accept every income source at face value.
Depending on the loan program, income may need to be documented, stable, and reasonably expected to continue.
For example, lenders may review:
- Employment income
- Self-employment income
- Bonuses and commissions
- Overtime pay
- Rental income
- Retirement income
- Social Security benefits
- Certain investment or other recurring income
Variable income may require additional documentation or a history showing that it is reasonably consistent.
Step 2: Add your monthly debt payments
Next, identify the monthly obligations that the lender will include in the calculation.
Common examples include:
- Existing mortgage payments
- Proposed mortgage payments
- Auto loans
- Student loans
- Minimum credit card payments
- Personal loans
- Other installment loans
- Certain lease payments
- Required child support or alimony payments
Not every monthly expense is treated as debt for DTI purposes.
For example, groceries, electricity, gasoline, and entertainment expenses are generally not included as debt payments in a standard mortgage DTI calculation.
However, these expenses still matter when deciding whether a loan is affordable.
Step 3: Divide monthly debt by gross monthly income
Suppose your qualifying monthly income is $5,800 and your monthly debt payments total $1,740.
The calculation is:
$1,740 ÷ $5,800 × 100 = 30%
Your DTI is 30%.
Step 4: Include the new loan payment
When applying for a new loan, lenders generally evaluate how the proposed payment will affect your total debt obligations.
For example:
| Debt | Monthly payment |
|---|---|
| Existing auto loan | $350 |
| Student loan | $200 |
| Credit card minimum payments | $150 |
| Personal loan | $100 |
| Proposed mortgage payment | $1,300 |
| Total monthly obligations | $2,100 |
If your gross monthly income is $6,000:
$2,100 ÷ $6,000 × 100 = 35%
Your projected DTI after taking out the mortgage would be 35%.
This is the figure that matters more for the new mortgage application than your DTI before the proposed loan is included.
3. What Is the Difference Between Front-End DTI and Back-End DTI?
Mortgage lenders may evaluate two different ratios when reviewing an application.
These are commonly called the front-end ratio and back-end ratio.
Front-end ratio
The front-end ratio measures how much of your gross monthly income goes toward housing expenses associated with the property being financed.
The calculation generally includes:
- Principal
- Interest
- Property taxes
- Homeowners insurance
- Applicable mortgage insurance
- Homeowners association fees, when applicable
These expenses are often summarized as PITIA, although the exact underwriting calculation depends on the loan program.
For example:
| Housing expense | Monthly amount |
|---|---|
| Mortgage principal and interest | $1,500 |
| Property taxes | $250 |
| Homeowners insurance | $100 |
| Mortgage insurance | $100 |
| HOA fees | $50 |
| Total housing expense | $2,000 |
If gross monthly income is $6,000:
$2,000 ÷ $6,000 × 100 = 33.3%
The front-end ratio is approximately 33.3%.
Back-end ratio
The back-end ratio includes housing expenses plus other qualifying monthly debts.
For example:
| Monthly obligation | Amount |
|---|---|
| Total housing expense | $2,000 |
| Auto loan | $350 |
| Student loan | $200 |
| Credit card minimum payments | $150 |
| Personal loan | $100 |
| Total monthly obligations | $2,800 |
If gross monthly income is $6,000:
$2,800 ÷ $6,000 × 100 = 46.7%
The back-end DTI is approximately 46.7%.
Front-end vs. back-end DTI
| Ratio | What it measures |
|---|---|
| Front-end DTI | Housing expenses compared with gross income |
| Back-end DTI | Housing expenses plus other qualifying debts compared with gross income |
When a mortgage lender refers to DTI without further explanation, it commonly means the total or back-end ratio.
However, loan programs and lenders may use different terminology and calculation methods.
4. What Debt Payments Are Included in DTI?
One of the most important parts of calculating DTI correctly is knowing which obligations lenders count.
Different loan programs may apply different rules.
Mortgage payments
If you already own a home, the lender generally considers the required housing payment on your existing property.
This may include principal, interest, property taxes, homeowners insurance, mortgage insurance, and applicable association fees.
If you are purchasing a new home, the proposed payment must also be included.
For investment properties and second homes, lenders apply additional rules that may account for rental income and property expenses.
Auto loans
Monthly auto loan payments are generally included in DTI.
For example, if you have two vehicle loans:
- Car loan A: $400 per month
- Car loan B: $300 per month
Your monthly auto debt is $700.
A vehicle lease payment is also generally considered, even if the lease has a relatively short remaining term.
Credit card payments
Lenders generally consider required minimum monthly payments on revolving credit accounts.
For example:
| Credit card | Minimum monthly payment |
|---|---|
| Card A | $80 |
| Card B | $120 |
| Card C | $50 |
| Total | $250 |
The relevant figure is generally the required monthly payment rather than the entire outstanding credit card balance.
However, lenders may use specific rules when the credit report does not show a usable minimum payment.
Student loans
Student loan payments can be more complicated.
The amount used in DTI may depend on:
- Whether the loan is in repayment
- The payment shown on the credit report
- Whether the loan is deferred or in forbearance
- Whether the borrower is enrolled in an income-driven repayment plan
- The applicable mortgage program’s underwriting rules
For example, Fannie Mae provides specific instructions for calculating student loan payments.
Depending on the circumstances, the lender may use a documented payment amount or another calculation required by its guidelines.
Do not assume that a student loan with a temporarily reduced payment will automatically be excluded from DTI.
Personal loans
Personal loan payments are generally included in DTI when they represent qualifying recurring debt obligations.
This includes many unsecured loans used for:
- Debt consolidation
- Medical expenses
- Home improvements
- Major purchases
- Emergency expenses
If you have a $10,000 personal loan with a required payment of $250 per month, that $250 will generally be considered in the calculation.
Child support and alimony
Required child support and alimony payments may also affect DTI.
The treatment can depend on the payment obligation, remaining duration, and applicable underwriting rules.
For example, Fannie Mae generally includes certain alimony, child support, and maintenance obligations that extend beyond 10 months in its monthly obligation calculation, subject to its specific rules.
Some obligations may be handled differently depending on the loan program.
What expenses are generally not included?
Ordinary household expenses are not usually treated as debt payments in standard mortgage DTI calculations.
Examples include:
- Groceries
- Electricity
- Water
- Internet
- Gasoline
- Clothing
- Entertainment
- Routine household purchases
However, these expenses should not be ignored when evaluating your actual ability to afford a loan.
A lender’s DTI calculation is an underwriting measurement, not a complete household budget.
5. What DTI Ratio Do You Need to Qualify for a Mortgage?
There is no single DTI limit that applies to every mortgage.
The maximum acceptable ratio depends on the loan program, underwriting method, credit profile, assets, reserves, and lender requirements.
Some mortgage programs allow higher DTI ratios when borrowers demonstrate other strengths.
Conventional loans
Fannie Mae provides important guidance for conventional mortgage underwriting.
Under its published guidelines:
- Manually underwritten loans generally have a maximum total DTI of 36%.
- The maximum may increase to 45% when applicable credit score and reserve requirements are met.
- Loans evaluated through Fannie Mae’s Desktop Underwriter (DU) may be eligible with a DTI as high as 50%.
These are program eligibility limits, not automatic approval guarantees.
A lender may apply stricter requirements based on its own underwriting standards and risk policies.
Freddie Mac and individual lenders also have their own applicable underwriting requirements.
FHA loans
FHA loans are designed to provide mortgage access to eligible borrowers who may not meet every conventional loan requirement.
FHA underwriting considers the borrower’s housing expenses, total monthly obligations, credit profile, income, and other factors.
The commonly discussed 31% housing ratio and 43% total debt ratio are traditional reference benchmarks, but they should not be treated as universal approval limits.
FHA underwriting can allow different ratios depending on the applicable automated underwriting findings, compensating factors, and program requirements.
Always confirm the current FHA guidelines with an approved lender.
VA loans
VA loans generally place significant emphasis on residual income.
Residual income is the money remaining after certain major obligations and housing expenses are deducted from qualifying income.
This approach helps evaluate whether a veteran or eligible borrower can reasonably afford everyday living expenses after making required payments.
A DTI above 41% may trigger additional scrutiny under VA underwriting guidance, but it is not a universal automatic rejection threshold.
The lender evaluates the full financial picture and applicable VA requirements.
USDA loans
USDA guaranteed loans also evaluate housing expenses and total monthly obligations.
The program has standard ratio benchmarks and allows certain exceptions depending on the underwriting findings and applicable requirements.
Borrowers should verify the current income, property, and debt eligibility rules before applying.
Mortgage DTI comparison
| Loan type | General DTI considerations |
|---|---|
| Conventional | Fannie Mae DU may permit up to 50% |
| FHA | Often discussed around 31% housing and 43% total as standard reference ratios, with exceptions |
| VA | Uses DTI together with residual income |
| USDA | Uses housing and total debt ratio requirements with applicable exceptions |
The most important lesson is that a borrower should not assume that a 43% DTI automatically qualifies or that a 45% DTI automatically results in rejection.
The full underwriting process matters.
6. What DTI Ratio Is Considered Good?
A lower DTI generally gives borrowers more financial flexibility.
However, there is no universally perfect number.
The following ranges can be useful as a general budgeting guide:
| DTI ratio | General interpretation |
|---|---|
| Below 20% | Relatively low debt burden |
| 20%–35% | Moderate debt burden |
| 36%–43% | Higher debt commitment |
| 44%–50% | Significant debt commitment |
| Above 50% | Limited room for additional borrowing |
These are illustrative personal finance ranges, not universal lender approval standards.
For example, someone with a 40% DTI and substantial savings may be in a stronger financial position than someone with a 30% DTI, unstable income, and no emergency fund.
The goal should not simply be to reach a particular percentage.
It should be to maintain a manageable debt burden while leaving enough income for essential expenses, savings, and unexpected costs.
7. How Does DTI Affect Personal Loan Approval?
DTI is not only relevant to mortgage applications.
Personal loan lenders may also use it to evaluate whether borrowers can handle another monthly payment.
Suppose two people apply for the same $15,000 personal loan.
| Financial detail | Applicant A | Applicant B |
|---|---|---|
| Gross monthly income | $5,000 | $5,000 |
| Existing monthly debt | $700 | $2,000 |
| Existing DTI | 14% | 40% |
| Proposed new payment | $350 | $350 |
| New projected DTI | 21% | 47% |
Applicant A has a lower projected DTI after taking out the loan.
Applicant B would have significantly more of their income committed to monthly debt payments.
Depending on the lender’s standards, Applicant A may present a lower repayment risk.
However, personal loan lenders may also consider:
- Credit score
- Credit history
- Employment stability
- Income verification
- Loan amount
- Loan term
- Existing accounts
- Recent credit applications
Some lenders do not publish a specific maximum DTI requirement.
It is therefore important to compare lenders rather than assuming that one ratio guarantees approval everywhere.
8. How Does DTI Affect Your Credit Score?
Your DTI ratio is not directly included in standard credit scoring calculations such as FICO scores.
Credit scores are generally calculated using information in your credit reports.
Common credit scoring factors include:
- Payment history
- Amounts owed and credit utilization
- Length of credit history
- New credit
- Credit mix
DTI is different because it compares monthly debt payments with income.
However, the two measurements can be related indirectly.
For example, a person with substantial credit card balances may have high credit utilization and significant minimum payments.
That can affect both their credit score and DTI.
Paying down credit card balances may therefore improve financial health in two ways:
- Lowering credit utilization may help the credit score.
- Reducing required monthly payments may lower DTI.
However, paying down a balance does not always immediately change the payment amount used by a lender. The lender may rely on the updated credit report or other accepted documentation.
9. How Can You Lower Your Debt-to-Income Ratio?
If your DTI is too high, there are several ways to improve it before applying for a loan.
The most effective strategy depends on whether your main problem is high monthly debt, insufficient qualifying income, or both.
Strategy 1: Pay off smaller debts
One of the simplest ways to lower DTI is to eliminate debts with manageable remaining balances.
For example:
| Debt | Monthly payment | Remaining balance |
|---|---|---|
| Personal loan A | $180 | $1,200 |
| Credit card B | $75 | $600 |
| Auto loan | $350 | $12,000 |
If you pay off Personal Loan A and Credit Card B, your qualifying monthly debt payments may decrease by $255.
With a gross monthly income of $6,000, the DTI reduction would be:
$255 ÷ $6,000 × 100 = 4.25 percentage points.
This can make a meaningful difference when preparing for a mortgage application.
Before paying off a debt, confirm that the lender will recognize the payoff and understand what documentation is required.
Strategy 2: Reduce credit card balances
Credit card debt can create a significant monthly obligation.
Even when the outstanding balance is relatively small, minimum payments across several cards can increase DTI.
Consider the following:
- Stop adding unnecessary charges.
- Pay down high-interest balances.
- Avoid opening multiple new accounts.
- Check whether your credit report shows accurate minimum payments.
- Keep enough emergency savings to avoid relying on cards again.
A lower credit card balance can also improve credit utilization.
Strategy 3: Increase qualifying income
Increasing income can reduce DTI even when debt payments remain unchanged.
For example:
| Item | Before | After |
|---|---|---|
| Gross monthly income | $5,000 | $6,000 |
| Monthly debt | $2,000 | $2,000 |
| DTI | 40% | 33.3% |
The ratio falls by approximately 6.7 percentage points.
Potential ways to increase qualifying income include:
- Moving into a higher-paying position
- Working additional hours
- Earning consistent overtime
- Increasing documented commission income
- Developing a qualifying secondary income source
- Documenting eligible rental income
However, lenders may require a history of receiving certain types of variable income.
A temporary increase in earnings may not be enough to qualify.
Strategy 4: Avoid taking out new loans
New borrowing can increase DTI and create problems during underwriting.
If you are preparing to apply for a mortgage, avoid unnecessary financing for:
- New vehicles
- Furniture
- Electronics
- Large personal purchases
- Unnecessary credit card spending
Even if you receive mortgage preapproval, additional borrowing before closing can change your financial profile.
The lender may need to recalculate DTI and reassess your eligibility.
Strategy 5: Consider debt consolidation carefully
Debt consolidation may reduce your monthly payments by combining several obligations into one loan.
For example, replacing multiple high-payment debts with a longer-term personal loan may reduce the total monthly amount used in DTI.
However, a lower monthly payment does not automatically mean lower borrowing costs.
A longer repayment term can increase total interest paid.
Before consolidating, compare:
- Interest rate
- Origination fees
- Loan term
- Total repayment amount
- Monthly payment
- Whether existing accounts will remain open
The goal should be to improve your financial position, not simply make the DTI calculation look better temporarily.
Strategy 6: Consider the timing of major purchases
If you are planning to buy a home, consider completing major purchases before beginning the mortgage application process only when they are financially necessary and properly planned.
In general, avoid taking on new debt during the mortgage process.
Large purchases can affect:
- Credit utilization
- Monthly debt obligations
- Available cash reserves
- Credit inquiries
- Loan eligibility
A stable financial profile makes the underwriting process easier.
10. How Much Mortgage Can You Afford Based on DTI?
DTI can help estimate the amount of monthly mortgage payment that may fit within a lender’s debt guidelines.
Consider a hypothetical borrower with:
- Gross monthly income: $7,000
- Existing monthly debt: $700
- Target total DTI: 43%
The maximum monthly debt amount at a 43% DTI would be:
$7,000 × 43% = $3,010.
Subtract existing debt:
$3,010 − $700 = $2,310.
This means the borrower has approximately $2,310 available for the proposed housing payment under this simplified DTI target.
However, this is not necessarily the amount a lender will approve.
The actual mortgage payment calculation may include:
- Principal
- Interest
- Property taxes
- Homeowners insurance
- Mortgage insurance
- HOA fees
The lender may also apply stricter underwriting requirements.
Example using different DTI targets
Assume the same borrower earns $7,000 per month and has $700 in existing monthly debt.
| Target DTI | Maximum total debt | Amount available for housing |
|---|---|---|
| 36% | $2,520 | $1,820 |
| 40% | $2,800 | $2,100 |
| 43% | $3,010 | $2,310 |
| 45% | $3,150 | $2,450 |
| 50% | $3,500 | $2,800 |
This table illustrates how the assumed DTI limit changes the potential housing payment.
It does not mean every borrower can qualify at every listed percentage.
Why should you avoid borrowing the maximum?
A lender may approve a mortgage payment that leaves relatively little room in your budget.
However, your actual monthly living expenses may be much higher than the expenses considered in the DTI calculation.
You still need money for:
- Food
- Utilities
- Transportation
- Healthcare
- Childcare
- Home maintenance
- Retirement savings
- Emergency expenses
A financially comfortable mortgage is often more valuable than the largest mortgage a lender is willing to approve.
11. Common DTI Mistakes Borrowers Should Avoid
Even borrowers who understand the basic formula can make mistakes when estimating their DTI.
Mistake 1: Using take-home pay instead of gross income
Standard DTI calculations generally use gross qualifying monthly income rather than the amount deposited into your bank account after taxes and deductions.
For example, if you earn $6,000 before taxes but take home $4,500, the standard calculation generally starts with $6,000, assuming that amount is qualifying income.
Mistake 2: Forgetting the proposed mortgage payment
Your existing DTI may look low because it does not include the mortgage you are applying for.
Always calculate your projected DTI after including the proposed payment.
Mistake 3: Assuming every income source qualifies
Lenders do not necessarily count every deposit or irregular payment as qualifying income.
Income must meet the applicable documentation and underwriting requirements.
Mistake 4: Ignoring student loans
Student loans may count even when payments are deferred or temporarily reduced.
The applicable calculation depends on the loan program and the borrower’s circumstances.
Mistake 5: Assuming a high credit score guarantees approval
A strong credit score does not automatically compensate for an excessive debt burden.
Lenders evaluate the entire financial profile.
Mistake 6: Applying for several loans at once
Multiple loan applications can create additional credit inquiries and new debt obligations.
If you are preparing for a major mortgage application, avoid unnecessary borrowing.
Mistake 7: Confusing DTI with personal affordability
A lender’s approval does not mean the payment is comfortable for your household.
Build a realistic budget before deciding how much to borrow.
12. Frequently Asked Questions About Debt-to-Income Ratio
What is a good debt-to-income ratio?
A lower DTI generally indicates a smaller debt burden relative to income.
For personal budgeting, keeping DTI below approximately 36% can be a useful target, although individual circumstances vary.
Mortgage eligibility depends on the loan program and underwriting standards.
Is a 50% DTI too high?
A 50% DTI means half of your gross monthly income is committed to qualifying debt payments.
This leaves less income available for taxes and everyday expenses.
Some mortgage underwriting systems may allow a DTI of up to 50% under applicable conditions, but approval is not guaranteed.
Does DTI include rent?
For a mortgage application, the treatment of rent depends on the transaction and underwriting rules.
A borrower’s current rent is not generally added as a continuing housing payment when the new principal residence mortgage payment replaces it.
However, rent may be relevant in other circumstances, such as an existing rental obligation or a non-occupant borrower situation.
Always confirm the lender’s calculation.
Does DTI include utilities and groceries?
Generally, no.
Standard mortgage DTI calculations focus on qualifying debt obligations and housing expenses rather than ordinary living expenses.
However, utilities, groceries, transportation, and other costs should be included in your personal affordability budget.
Does paying off a credit card lower DTI?
It can.
If paying off the card eliminates its required monthly payment, your qualifying monthly debt obligations may decrease.
However, the lender may need updated documentation or a credit report showing the reduced obligation.
Can I get a mortgage with a 45% DTI?
Possibly.
Some mortgage programs allow a DTI around 45% or higher under specific underwriting conditions.
The outcome depends on credit history, income, assets, reserves, loan program, and lender requirements.
Does DTI affect my credit score?
DTI itself is not directly included in standard FICO credit score calculations.
However, high debt balances and credit utilization may affect your credit score while also contributing to a higher DTI.
What is the difference between DTI and credit utilization?
DTI compares monthly debt payments with gross monthly income.
Credit utilization compares revolving credit balances with available credit limits.
They measure different aspects of financial risk.
Can a co-borrower improve my DTI?
A co-borrower may improve the combined DTI if qualifying income added to the application is greater than the additional debt obligations.
However, the lender generally evaluates the co-borrower’s debts and credit history as well.
Adding a co-borrower does not automatically improve eligibility.
Do lenders use annual or monthly income for DTI?
The standard calculation uses monthly qualifying income and monthly debt payments.
Annual income is generally converted into a monthly amount for the calculation.
Conclusion: Understand Your DTI Before Applying for a Loan
Your debt-to-income ratio is one of the most important measurements lenders use to evaluate your ability to manage additional borrowing.
It compares your qualifying monthly debt obligations with your gross monthly income and helps lenders assess repayment capacity.
A lower DTI can provide more borrowing flexibility, while a higher DTI may limit your options or require stronger compensating financial factors.
Before applying for a mortgage or personal loan, calculate your current DTI and estimate how it will change after adding the proposed payment.
If the ratio is too high, consider paying down existing debt, increasing documented income, avoiding unnecessary borrowing, or reviewing your debt repayment strategy.
Most importantly, do not focus only on the maximum DTI a lender may accept.
Choose a loan payment that leaves enough room for everyday expenses, savings, emergencies, and long-term financial goals.
A manageable debt burden can help you borrow with greater confidence and build a more stable financial future.
Sources
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), What Is a Debt-to-Income Ratio?: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-debt-to-income-ratio-en-1791/
- Fannie Mae Selling Guide, Debt-to-Income Ratios: https://selling-guide.fanniemae.com/sel/b3-6-02/debt-income-ratios
- Fannie Mae, Debt-to-Income Ratio Calculation Questions: https://singlefamily.fanniemae.com/job-aid/new-desktop-underwriter/topic/dti_ratio_calculation_questions.htm
- Fannie Mae, How to Calculate DTI Ratio: https://singlefamily.fanniemae.com/job-aid/loan-delivery/topic/income_and_expense.htm
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Ability-to-Repay Requirements: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1026/43/
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Home Loan Program: https://www.va.gov/housing-assistance/home-loans/
- Federal Housing Administration, FHA Single Family Housing Policy Handbook: https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/housing/sfh/handbook_4000-1
- USDA Rural Development, Single Family Housing Guaranteed Loan Program: https://www.rd.usda.gov/programs-services/single-family-housing-programs/single-family-housing-guaranteed-loan-program
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